lkz.ai, 1156, DIRECT
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google.com, pub-1595639729766067, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
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matricamedia.com, l20000w4, DIRECT
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video.unrulymedia.com, 5672421953199218469, RESELLER
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omni-dex.io, 100098, DIRECT
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onlinemediasolutions.com, 21159, DIRECT, b3868b187e4b6402
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xandr.com, 11201, DIRECT
risecodes.com, 636cc1381c35e10001b200c7, DIRECT
rubiconproject.com, 23876, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
media.net, 8CUQ6928Q, RESELLER
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video.unrulymedia.com, 460076256, DIRECT
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amxrtb.com, 105199776, RESELLER
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bidmatic.io, b-bf779, DIRECT
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152media.info, 152M10, RESELLER
33across.com, 001Pg000012xbFyIAI, RESELLER, bbea06d9c4d2853c
adagio.io, 1161, RESELLER
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copper6.com, 764097, RESELLER
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lijit.com, 310770, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
markappmedia.site, 533994, RESELLER
media.net, 8CU816538, RESELLER
minutemedia.com,01h915hbq5pj, RESELLER
nobid.io,22486898938, RESELLER
ogury.com, 48a9c1cc-d399-4eac-af28-ed5b17bd8d10, RESELLER
onetag.com, 59a18369e249bfb, RESELLER
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openx.com, 540861995, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
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orangeclickmedia.com, ach5lxtq1pmgjoz4, RESELLER, cd730d2f56b472c4
pubmatic.com, 161026, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
pubmatic.com, 162270, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
pubnative.net, 1007449, RESELLER
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rtbhouse.com, f7tRggCNvKnqLxaIp8gJ, RESELLER, a670c6e1d7e3d3c1
rubiconproject.com, 18680, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
rubiconproject.com, 20086, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
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sonobi.com, 7f2347bb62, RESELLER, d1a215d9eb5aee9e
sonobi.com, c9fa8470ff, RESELLER, d1a215d9eb5aee9e
thebrave.io, 1234801, RESELLER, c25b2154543746ac
themediagrid.com, LVXCEA, RESELLER, 35d5010d7789b49d
themediagrid.com, 6BTDJ7, RESELLER, 35d5010d7789b49d
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video.unrulymedia.com, 336401860, RESELLER
xandr.com, 14416, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
xandr.com, 3153, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
e-planning.net, cebccf1fed1398db, DIRECT, c1ba615865ed87b2
pubmatic.com, 156631, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
pubmatic.com, 156631, DIRECT, 5d62403b186f2ace
zetaglobal.net, 891, DIRECT
zeta.com, 891, DIRECT
disqus.com, 891, DIRECT
sharethrough.com, 23830661, DIRECT, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
openx.com, 541031350, DIRECT, 6a698e2ec38604c6
onetag.com, 5927d926323dc2c, DIRECT
nextmillennium.io, 16425, DIRECT, 65bd090fa4a1e3d6
trustedstack.com, TSL72ADG4, DIRECT
smartadserver.com, 5449-OB, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
smartadserver.com, 5449, DIRECT, 060d053dcf45cbf3
smartadserver.com, 5437, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
epom.com, c012536d-8aaf-4072-be41-7c5c6f51512b, DIRECT
improvedigital.com, 1556, RESELLER
amxrtb.com, 105199731, DIRECT
rubiconproject.com, 12186, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
google.com, pub-4947366591227756, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
video.unrulymedia.com, 703273072, RESELLER
pmc.com, 1243000, RESELLER, 8dd52f825890bb44
performist.net, 100057, DIRECT
media.net, 8CU675N41, RESELLER
media.net, 8CUG03E4B, RESELLER
triplelift.com, 14814, RESELLER, 6c33edb13117fd86
lijit.com, 279534, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
video.unrulymedia.com, 919139201, RESELLER
sharethrough.com, UvcAx8IL, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
sharethrough.com, 4899, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
smartadserver.com, 4899, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
rubiconproject.com, 13380, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
sharethrough.com, 5449, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
kueez.com, 93f0f7c575eec4e522144ad9841a35d2, RESELLER
lijit.com, 541964, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
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lemmatechnologies.com, 1649, RESELLER, 7829010c5bebd1fb
adagio.io, 1417, DIRECT
pubmatic.com, 163389, DIRECT, 5d62403b186f2ace
richaudience.com, 25BiP9IMgN, DIRECT
appnexus.com, 15941, DIRECT
conversantmedia.com, 100066, DIRECT, 03113cd04947736d
eskimi.com, 2020000186, RESELLER
adyoulike.com, 814ad5a7eb7601cc991ae83a976195b9, RESELLER
risecodes.com, 673da70c91e2fd000109c6f6, RESELLER
video.unrulymedia.com, 2736329702851200000, RESELLER
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google.com, pub-7734005103835923, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
inmobi.com, 9b300ff061ff4501abcdd864e6c1cceb, RESELLER, 83e75a7ae333ca9d
admixer.net, 0cc7386a-d5a3-4b90-aeeb-3e67f8fe, DIRECT
loopme.com, 12858, RESELLER, 6c8d5f95897a5a3b
krushmedia.com, AJxF6R489a9M6CaTvK, DIRECT
kueez.com, b0120c11cd0968d97764e2c2be1a3b43, DIRECT
rubiconproject.com, 16920, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
media.net, 8cu4jtrf9, RESELLER
triplelift.com, 14670, RESELLER, 6c33edb13117fd86
pubmatic.com, 162110, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
sharethrough.com, n98xdzel, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
lijit.com, 407406, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
sharethrough.com, 4288, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
33across.com, 0010b00002ODU4HAAX, RESELLER, bbea06d9c4d2853c
yieldmo.com, 3133660606033240149, RESELLER
trustedstack.com, TSIO6G4I5, RESELLER
onetag.com, 6e053d779444c00, RESELLER
video.unrulymedia.com, 3486482593, RESELLER
sonobi.com, 4c4fba1717, RESELLER, d1a215d9eb5aee9e
smartadserver.com, 4288, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
smaato.com, 1100059464, RESELLER, 07bcf65f187117b4
smaato.com, 1100004890, RESELLER, 07bcf65f187117b4
richaudience.com, IzJp6ykuQS, RESELLER
zetaglobal.com, 108, RESELLER
improvedigital.com, 2106, RESELLER
adform.com, 2926, RESELLER, 9f5210a2f0999e32
loopme.com, 11576, RESELLER, 6c8d5f95897a5a3b
themediagrid.com, uot45z, RESELLER, 35d5010d7789b49d
themediagrid.com, 7H3QAS, RESELLER, 9fac4a4a87c2a44f
eskimi.com, 2020001283, RESELLER
adelement.com, 48431, RESELLER
kueez.com, f3b3789cda3d7eb0e9fa1c41057da524, RESELLER
escalax.io, 214, DIRECT
152media.info, 152M1114, RESELLER
adagio.io, 1577, RESELLER
adform.com, 2600, RESELLER
admatic.com.tr, adr-pub-114814169, RESELLER
adrubi.com, adr-pub-114814169, RESELLER
adtarget.com.tr, 770216, RESELLER
adyoulike.com, 9d778dfea3ee94de6247e448cd7e5d69, RESELLER
amxrtb.com, 105199853, RESELLER
antipodesdigital.com, 313, RESELLER
appnexus.com, 1019, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
gumgum.com, 16112, RESELLER, ffdef49475d318a9
lijit.com, 580331, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
media.net, 8CAL5W47I, RESELLER
openx.com, 537140488, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
pubmatic.com, 159078, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
richaudience.com, LWYuJL20W1, RESELLER
strongmetrics.io, 219562, RESELLER
vistarsagency.com, cqqccatc23j9v5bv3fv0, RESELLER
screencore.io, 276, RESELLER
eskimi.com, 2020000792, RESELLER
advertising.com, 82643, RESELLER
conversantmedia.com, 100292, RESELLER
condorx.io, 202084, RESELLER
smartadserver.com, 4144, RESELLER
9dotsmedia.com, 6545, RESELLER
admatic.de, ade-pub-877885567, RESELLER
rubiconproject.com, 25100, RESELLER
lkz.ai, 1156, DIRECT
rebros.net, 11083, DIRECT
google.com, pub-1595639729766067, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-5462413891359508, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-1695082479149669, DIRECT, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-2917233316780238, DIRECT, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-2227624702210348, DIRECT, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-2677428675980701, DIRECT, f08c47fec0942fa0
mgid.com, 985579, DIRECT, d4c29acad76ce94f
google.com, pub-2441454515104767, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-2441454515104767, DIRECT, f08c47fec0942fa0
rubiconproject.com, 9655, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
appnexus.com, 15825, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
smartadserver.com, 4577, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
sharethrough.com, 4577, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
themediagrid.com, YZ2I83, DIRECT, 35d5010d7789b49d
media.net, 8CUTQ396X, DIRECT, 818f58666cabc936
rubiconproject.com, 19396, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
smaato.com, 1100059563, RESELLER, 07bcf65f187117b4
pubmatic.com, 161673, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
lijit.com, 349013, DIRECT, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
amxrtb.com, 105199704, DIRECT
sharethrough.com, a6a34444, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
onetag.com, 7cd9d7c7c13ff36, RESELLER
inmobi.com, c2391dc8a51e420480044992fe6dc4d7, RESELLER, 83e75a7ae333ca9d
gamoshi.io, 267-b6491, DIRECT, 20e30b2ae1f670f2
adtarget.com.tr, 778651, DIRECT
pubmatic.com, 159078, DIRECT, 5d62403b186f2ace
adform.com, 2600, DIRECT
stroeer.com, 17938, DIRECT
appnexus.com, 12290, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
rubiconproject.com, 17960, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
adform.com, 2865, RESELLER
appnexus.com, 9393, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
indexexchange.com, 191503, RESELLER, 50b1c356f2c5c8fc
openx.com, 559680764, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
rubiconproject.com, 23844, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
smartadserver.com, 3056, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
yahoo.com, 49648, RESELLER
pubmatic.com, 161527, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
pubmatic.com, 158355, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
lijit.com, 260380, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
appnexus.com, 11924, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
amxrtb.com, 105199853, DIRECT
appnexus.com, 11786, RESELLER
monetixads.com, mix-pub-8006825107, RESELLER
admatic.com.tr, mix-pub-8006825107, RESELLER
rubiconproject.com, 25100, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
rubiconproject.com, 25102, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
kueez.com, 4f2805b3399db66bebab78814b83b2a2, RESELLER
appnexus.com, 11673, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
outbrain.com, 0052a42837b505f8ee68b4559b35c4d4d7, RESELLER
amxrtb.com, 105199787, RESELLER
openx.com, 541163168, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
revantage.io, 51, DIRECT
vidazoo.com, 6890de45500e26e74de1f6b7, DIRECT, b6ada874b4d7d0b2
onetag.com, 818fac267e2a1b4, DIRECT
onetag.com, 818fac267e2a1b4-OB, DIRECT
freewheel.tv, 20393, RESELLER
freewheel.tv, 24377, RESELLER
improvedigital.com, 2408, RESELLER
projectadv.it, 7000, RESELLER
adform.com, 1346, RESELLER, 9f5210a2f0999e32
criteo.com, 15452, RESELLER
criteo.com, B-061530, DIRECT, 9fac4a4a87c2a44f
themediagrid.com, ZY4GIQ, DIRECT, 35d5010d7789b49d
google.com, pub-3565385483761681, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-4282252113865235, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
appnexus.com, 2794, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
rubiconproject.com, 17130, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
pubmatic.com, 159988, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
supply.colossusssp.com, 181, RESELLER, 6c5b49d96ec1b458
lijit.com, 222372, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
matricamedia.com, l20000w4, DIRECT
adagio.io, 1573, RESELLER
rubiconproject.com, 19116, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
pubmatic.com, 159110, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
improvedigital.com, 1790, RESELLER
onetag.com, 6b859b96c564fbe, RESELLER
appnexus.com, 13099, RESELLER
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pubmatic.com, 161593, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
smartadserver.com, 3554, RESELLER
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lijit.com, 367236, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
pubmatic.com, 156212, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
pubmatic.com, 137711, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
openx.com, 538959099, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
openx.com, 558899373, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
triplelift.com, 13482, RESELLER, 6c33edb13117fd86
freewheel.tv, 536359-r-524565, RESELLER
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video.unrulymedia.com, 5672421953199218469, RESELLER
taipeidigital.com, 01012311678, DIRECT
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aniview.com, 694162e28fee2f4d710934aa, RESELLER, 78b21b97965ec3f8
hcodemedia.com, 793, RESELLER
adagio.io, 1514, RESELLER
omni-dex.io, 100098, DIRECT
rubiconproject.com, 21274, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
pubmatic.com, 165321, DIRECT, 5d62403b186f2ace
onlinemediasolutions.com, 21159, DIRECT, b3868b187e4b6402
rubiconproject.com, 20416, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
onomagic.com, 211591, DIRECT
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video.unrulymedia.com, 6694405583287859332, RESELLER
xandr.com, 11201, DIRECT
risecodes.com, 636cc1381c35e10001b200c7, DIRECT
rubiconproject.com, 23876, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
media.net, 8CUQ6928Q, RESELLER
pubmatic.com, 160295, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
sharethrough.com, 5926d422, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
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video.unrulymedia.com, 460076256, DIRECT
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pubmatic.com, 161058, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
dauup.com, 34138, RESELLER, 4daba13e2b0dfd92
pgamssp.com, 65c4dab8199399cda607f238, DIRECT
rubiconproject.com, 24852, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
video.unrulymedia.com, 5921144960123684292, RESELLER
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amxrtb.com, 105199776, RESELLER
loopme.com, 19940, RESELLER, 6c8d5f95897a5a3b
bidmatic.io, b-bf779, DIRECT
adtelligent.com, 784249, DIRECT, 8ce87912eb022a51
152media.info, 152M10, RESELLER
33across.com, 001Pg000012xbFyIAI, RESELLER, bbea06d9c4d2853c
adagio.io, 1161, RESELLER
adagio.io, 1566, RESELLER
adform.com, 2656, RESELLER, 9f5210a2f0999e32
adform.com, 2904, RESELLER, 9f5210a2f0999e32
adform.com, 3215, RESELLER
adlive.io, 19944, RESELLER
amxrtb.com, 105199328, RESELLER
copper6.com, 764097, RESELLER
eskimi.com, 2020000812, RESELLER
flashb.id, 1c826ce8-eb3c-5ed6-b5ed-c3bb495982eb, RESELLER
inmobi.com, 541fff38bbaf4047be082d9ca66242fa, RESELLER, 83e75a7ae333ca9d
lijit.com, 310770, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
markappmedia.site, 533994, RESELLER
media.net, 8CU816538, RESELLER
minutemedia.com,01h915hbq5pj, RESELLER
nobid.io,22486898938, RESELLER
ogury.com, 48a9c1cc-d399-4eac-af28-ed5b17bd8d10, RESELLER
onetag.com, 59a18369e249bfb, RESELLER
onetag.com, 934da80290aef3a, RESELLER
openx.com, 540861995, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
openx.com, 563905670, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
orangeclickmedia.com, ach5lxtq1pmgjoz4, RESELLER, cd730d2f56b472c4
pubmatic.com, 161026, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
pubmatic.com, 162270, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
pubnative.net, 1007449, RESELLER
richaudience.com, RxVFrJzPTg, RESELLER
rtbhouse.com, f7tRggCNvKnqLxaIp8gJ, RESELLER, a670c6e1d7e3d3c1
rubiconproject.com, 18680, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
rubiconproject.com, 20086, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
rubiconproject.com, 26250, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
rubiconproject.com, 26360, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
sonobi.com, 7f2347bb62, RESELLER, d1a215d9eb5aee9e
sonobi.com, c9fa8470ff, RESELLER, d1a215d9eb5aee9e
thebrave.io, 1234801, RESELLER, c25b2154543746ac
themediagrid.com, LVXCEA, RESELLER, 35d5010d7789b49d
themediagrid.com, 6BTDJ7, RESELLER, 35d5010d7789b49d
themediagrid.com, RVQDTI, RESELLER, 35d5010d7789b49d
video.unrulymedia.com, 336401860, RESELLER
xandr.com, 14416, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
xandr.com, 3153, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
e-planning.net, cebccf1fed1398db, DIRECT, c1ba615865ed87b2
pubmatic.com, 156631, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
pubmatic.com, 156631, DIRECT, 5d62403b186f2ace
zetaglobal.net, 891, DIRECT
zeta.com, 891, DIRECT
disqus.com, 891, DIRECT
sharethrough.com, 23830661, DIRECT, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
openx.com, 541031350, DIRECT, 6a698e2ec38604c6
onetag.com, 5927d926323dc2c, DIRECT
nextmillennium.io, 16425, DIRECT, 65bd090fa4a1e3d6
trustedstack.com, TSL72ADG4, DIRECT
smartadserver.com, 5449-OB, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
smartadserver.com, 5449, DIRECT, 060d053dcf45cbf3
smartadserver.com, 5437, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
epom.com, c012536d-8aaf-4072-be41-7c5c6f51512b, DIRECT
improvedigital.com, 1556, RESELLER
amxrtb.com, 105199731, DIRECT
rubiconproject.com, 12186, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
google.com, pub-4947366591227756, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
video.unrulymedia.com, 703273072, RESELLER
pmc.com, 1243000, RESELLER, 8dd52f825890bb44
performist.net, 100057, DIRECT
media.net, 8CU675N41, RESELLER
media.net, 8CUG03E4B, RESELLER
triplelift.com, 14814, RESELLER, 6c33edb13117fd86
lijit.com, 279534, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
video.unrulymedia.com, 919139201, RESELLER
sharethrough.com, UvcAx8IL, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
sharethrough.com, 4899, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
smartadserver.com, 4899, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
rubiconproject.com, 13380, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
sharethrough.com, 5449, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
kueez.com, 93f0f7c575eec4e522144ad9841a35d2, RESELLER
lijit.com, 541964, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
rubiconproject.com, 26270, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
lemmatechnologies.com, 1649, RESELLER, 7829010c5bebd1fb
adagio.io, 1417, DIRECT
pubmatic.com, 163389, DIRECT, 5d62403b186f2ace
richaudience.com, 25BiP9IMgN, DIRECT
appnexus.com, 15941, DIRECT
conversantmedia.com, 100066, DIRECT, 03113cd04947736d
eskimi.com, 2020000186, RESELLER
adyoulike.com, 814ad5a7eb7601cc991ae83a976195b9, RESELLER
risecodes.com, 673da70c91e2fd000109c6f6, RESELLER
video.unrulymedia.com, 2736329702851200000, RESELLER
conversantmedia.com, 41784, RESELLER, 03113cd04947736d
google.com, pub-7734005103835923, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
inmobi.com, 9b300ff061ff4501abcdd864e6c1cceb, RESELLER, 83e75a7ae333ca9d
admixer.net, 0cc7386a-d5a3-4b90-aeeb-3e67f8fe, DIRECT
loopme.com, 12858, RESELLER, 6c8d5f95897a5a3b
krushmedia.com, AJxF6R489a9M6CaTvK, DIRECT
kueez.com, b0120c11cd0968d97764e2c2be1a3b43, DIRECT
rubiconproject.com, 16920, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
media.net, 8cu4jtrf9, RESELLER
triplelift.com, 14670, RESELLER, 6c33edb13117fd86
pubmatic.com, 162110, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
sharethrough.com, n98xdzel, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
lijit.com, 407406, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
sharethrough.com, 4288, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
33across.com, 0010b00002ODU4HAAX, RESELLER, bbea06d9c4d2853c
yieldmo.com, 3133660606033240149, RESELLER
trustedstack.com, TSIO6G4I5, RESELLER
onetag.com, 6e053d779444c00, RESELLER
video.unrulymedia.com, 3486482593, RESELLER
sonobi.com, 4c4fba1717, RESELLER, d1a215d9eb5aee9e
smartadserver.com, 4288, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
smaato.com, 1100059464, RESELLER, 07bcf65f187117b4
smaato.com, 1100004890, RESELLER, 07bcf65f187117b4
richaudience.com, IzJp6ykuQS, RESELLER
zetaglobal.com, 108, RESELLER
improvedigital.com, 2106, RESELLER
adform.com, 2926, RESELLER, 9f5210a2f0999e32
loopme.com, 11576, RESELLER, 6c8d5f95897a5a3b
themediagrid.com, uot45z, RESELLER, 35d5010d7789b49d
themediagrid.com, 7H3QAS, RESELLER, 9fac4a4a87c2a44f
eskimi.com, 2020001283, RESELLER
adelement.com, 48431, RESELLER
kueez.com, f3b3789cda3d7eb0e9fa1c41057da524, RESELLER
escalax.io, 214, DIRECT
152media.info, 152M1114, RESELLER
adagio.io, 1577, RESELLER
adform.com, 2600, RESELLER
admatic.com.tr, adr-pub-114814169, RESELLER
adrubi.com, adr-pub-114814169, RESELLER
adtarget.com.tr, 770216, RESELLER
adyoulike.com, 9d778dfea3ee94de6247e448cd7e5d69, RESELLER
amxrtb.com, 105199853, RESELLER
antipodesdigital.com, 313, RESELLER
appnexus.com, 1019, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
gumgum.com, 16112, RESELLER, ffdef49475d318a9
lijit.com, 580331, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
media.net, 8CAL5W47I, RESELLER
openx.com, 537140488, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
pubmatic.com, 159078, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
richaudience.com, LWYuJL20W1, RESELLER
strongmetrics.io, 219562, RESELLER
vistarsagency.com, cqqccatc23j9v5bv3fv0, RESELLER
screencore.io, 276, RESELLER
eskimi.com, 2020000792, RESELLER
advertising.com, 82643, RESELLER
conversantmedia.com, 100292, RESELLER
condorx.io, 202084, RESELLER
smartadserver.com, 4144, RESELLER
9dotsmedia.com, 6545, RESELLER
admatic.de, ade-pub-877885567, RESELLER
rubiconproject.com, 25100, RESELLER
lkz.ai, 1156, DIRECT
rebros.net, 11083, DIRECT
google.com, pub-1595639729766067, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-5462413891359508, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-1695082479149669, DIRECT, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-2917233316780238, DIRECT, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-2227624702210348, DIRECT, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-2677428675980701, DIRECT, f08c47fec0942fa0
mgid.com, 985579, DIRECT, d4c29acad76ce94f
google.com, pub-2441454515104767, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-2441454515104767, DIRECT, f08c47fec0942fa0
rubiconproject.com, 9655, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
appnexus.com, 15825, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
smartadserver.com, 4577, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
sharethrough.com, 4577, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
themediagrid.com, YZ2I83, DIRECT, 35d5010d7789b49d
media.net, 8CUTQ396X, DIRECT, 818f58666cabc936
rubiconproject.com, 19396, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
smaato.com, 1100059563, RESELLER, 07bcf65f187117b4
pubmatic.com, 161673, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
lijit.com, 349013, DIRECT, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
amxrtb.com, 105199704, DIRECT
sharethrough.com, a6a34444, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
onetag.com, 7cd9d7c7c13ff36, RESELLER
inmobi.com, c2391dc8a51e420480044992fe6dc4d7, RESELLER, 83e75a7ae333ca9d
gamoshi.io, 267-b6491, DIRECT, 20e30b2ae1f670f2
adtarget.com.tr, 778651, DIRECT
pubmatic.com, 159078, DIRECT, 5d62403b186f2ace
adform.com, 2600, DIRECT
stroeer.com, 17938, DIRECT
appnexus.com, 12290, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
rubiconproject.com, 17960, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
adform.com, 2865, RESELLER
appnexus.com, 9393, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
indexexchange.com, 191503, RESELLER, 50b1c356f2c5c8fc
openx.com, 559680764, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
rubiconproject.com, 23844, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
smartadserver.com, 3056, RESELLER, 060d053dcf45cbf3
yahoo.com, 49648, RESELLER
pubmatic.com, 161527, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
pubmatic.com, 158355, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
lijit.com, 260380, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
appnexus.com, 11924, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
amxrtb.com, 105199853, DIRECT
appnexus.com, 11786, RESELLER
monetixads.com, mix-pub-8006825107, RESELLER
admatic.com.tr, mix-pub-8006825107, RESELLER
rubiconproject.com, 25100, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
rubiconproject.com, 25102, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
kueez.com, 4f2805b3399db66bebab78814b83b2a2, RESELLER
appnexus.com, 11673, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
outbrain.com, 0052a42837b505f8ee68b4559b35c4d4d7, RESELLER
amxrtb.com, 105199787, RESELLER
openx.com, 541163168, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
revantage.io, 51, DIRECT
vidazoo.com, 6890de45500e26e74de1f6b7, DIRECT, b6ada874b4d7d0b2
onetag.com, 818fac267e2a1b4, DIRECT
onetag.com, 818fac267e2a1b4-OB, DIRECT
freewheel.tv, 20393, RESELLER
freewheel.tv, 24377, RESELLER
improvedigital.com, 2408, RESELLER
projectadv.it, 7000, RESELLER
adform.com, 1346, RESELLER, 9f5210a2f0999e32
criteo.com, 15452, RESELLER
criteo.com, B-061530, DIRECT, 9fac4a4a87c2a44f
themediagrid.com, ZY4GIQ, DIRECT, 35d5010d7789b49d
google.com, pub-3565385483761681, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
google.com, pub-4282252113865235, RESELLER, f08c47fec0942fa0
appnexus.com, 2794, RESELLER, f5ab79cb980f11d1
rubiconproject.com, 17130, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
pubmatic.com, 159988, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
supply.colossusssp.com, 181, RESELLER, 6c5b49d96ec1b458
lijit.com, 222372, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
matricamedia.com, l20000w4, DIRECT
adagio.io, 1573, RESELLER
rubiconproject.com, 19116, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
pubmatic.com, 159110, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
improvedigital.com, 1790, RESELLER
onetag.com, 6b859b96c564fbe, RESELLER
appnexus.com, 13099, RESELLER
rubiconproject.com, 11006, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
pubmatic.com, 161593, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
smartadserver.com, 3554, RESELLER
sharethrough.com, 3554, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
lijit.com, 367236, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
pubmatic.com, 156212, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
pubmatic.com, 137711, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
openx.com, 538959099, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
openx.com, 558899373, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
triplelift.com, 13482, RESELLER, 6c33edb13117fd86
freewheel.tv, 536359-r-524565, RESELLER
freewheel.tv, 536359-r-523319, RESELLER
adform.com, 3354, RESELLER, 9f5210a2f0999e32
video.unrulymedia.com, 5672421953199218469, RESELLER
taipeidigital.com, 01012311678, DIRECT
rubiconproject.com, 27931, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
aniview.com, 694162e28fee2f4d710934aa, RESELLER, 78b21b97965ec3f8
hcodemedia.com, 793, RESELLER
adagio.io, 1514, RESELLER
omni-dex.io, 100098, DIRECT
rubiconproject.com, 21274, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
pubmatic.com, 165321, DIRECT, 5d62403b186f2ace
onlinemediasolutions.com, 21159, DIRECT, b3868b187e4b6402
rubiconproject.com, 20416, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
onomagic.com, 211591, DIRECT
rubiconproject.com, 24364, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
getmediamx.com, 1221159, DIRECT
openx.com, 537153209, RESELLER, 6a698e2ec38604c6
spotim.market, e9a771d72c076dbe3cafc2c6477f9238, RESELLER, 077e5f709d15bdbb
video.unrulymedia.com, 6694405583287859332, RESELLER
xandr.com, 11201, DIRECT
risecodes.com, 636cc1381c35e10001b200c7, DIRECT
rubiconproject.com, 23876, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
media.net, 8CUQ6928Q, RESELLER
pubmatic.com, 160295, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
sharethrough.com, 5926d422, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
sharethrough.com, 4284, RESELLER, d53b998a7bd4ecd2
video.unrulymedia.com, 460076256, DIRECT
xad.com, 963, RESELLER, 81cbf0a75a5e0e9a
rubiconproject.com, 15268, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
smaato.com, 1100047589, RESELLER, 07bcf65f187117b4
pubmatic.com, 161058, RESELLER, 5d62403b186f2ace
dauup.com, 34138, RESELLER, 4daba13e2b0dfd92
pgamssp.com, 65c4dab8199399cda607f238, DIRECT
rubiconproject.com, 24852, RESELLER, 0bfd66d529a55807
video.unrulymedia.com, 5921144960123684292, RESELLER
smaato.com, 1100058906, RESELLER, 07bcf65f187117b4
amxrtb.com, 105199776, RESELLER
loopme.com, 19940, RESELLER, 6c8d5f95897a5a3b
bidmatic.io, b-bf779, DIRECT
adtelligent.com, 784249, DIRECT, 8ce87912eb022a51
152media.info, 152M10, RESELLER
33across.com, 001Pg000012xbFyIAI, RESELLER, bbea06d9c4d2853c
adagio.io, 1161, RESELLER
adagio.io, 1566, RESELLER
adform.com, 2656, RESELLER, 9f5210a2f0999e32
adform.com, 2904, RESELLER, 9f5210a2f0999e32
adform.com, 3215, RESELLER
adlive.io, 19944, RESELLER
amxrtb.com, 105199328, RESELLER
copper6.com, 764097, RESELLER
eskimi.com, 2020000812, RESELLER
flashb.id, 1c826ce8-eb3c-5ed6-b5ed-c3bb495982eb, RESELLER
inmobi.com, 541fff38bbaf4047be082d9ca66242fa, RESELLER, 83e75a7ae333ca9d
lijit.com, 310770, RESELLER, fafdf38b16bf6b2b
markappmedia.site, 533994, RESELLER
media.net, 8CU816538, RESELLER
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Sep
12
What is a credit card validator and how does the Luhn algorithm work?
Ever wondered how websites catch a mistyped card number instantly? Here's how the Luhn algorithm works, and what a credit card validator actually checks.
You type your card number into a checkout form, hit submit, and instantly, before any payment even processes, the site flags a typo. One digit off, and it catches it in milliseconds. No delay, no round trip to a bank, no waiting.
That instant check isn't magic, and it isn't checking your bank balance either. It's math, specifically an algorithm invented in 1954 by an IBM scientist named Hans Peter Luhn, and it's been quietly protecting checkout forms and card validators for over 70 years.
Let's break down exactly what's happening, and what a tool like this can (and very much can't) tell you.
What a credit card validator actually checks Here's the part that surprises people: a credit card validator doesn't check if a card is real, active, or has money on it. It can't. That information lives inside secure banking systems that only actual payment processors and banks have access to, for very good reason.
What it does check is much simpler: does this number follow the correct mathematical pattern that every legitimate card number is required to follow?
Every credit card number, from Visa to Mastercard to American Express, is built with a built-in checksum. The final digit isn't random, it's calculated based on all the digits before it. This means most typos, transposed digits, a missing number, an extra zero, produce a number that fails the check instantly, before it ever reaches a payment processor.
This single design choice saves an enormous amount of wasted processing. Imagine every checkout form on the internet sending every typo straight to the bank for validation. The math check filters out obvious errors first, for free, in your browser, before any real transaction attempt happens.
The Luhn algorithm, step by step The formula behind this is called the Luhn algorithm (also sometimes called the "mod 10" algorithm, or Luhn formula). It's elegant, it's fast, and once you see it, it's genuinely simple to follow.
Here's how it works, using a real (but entirely fictional, don't worry) example number: 4532 0151 1283 0366.
Step 1: Starting from the rightmost digit, double every second digit.
Working right to left, you double every other digit. So starting from the second-to-last digit and moving left: 6, 3, 8, 1, 5, 0, 3, 5 get doubled.
Step 2: If doubling a digit results in a number greater than 9, subtract 9 from it (or, equivalently, add the two digits together).
For example, doubling 8 gives you 16. Subtract 9, and you get 7. This step exists because you're essentially summing the digits of the doubled number (1+6=7), it's just a faster shortcut to the same result.
Step 3: Sum all the digits, both the doubled ones (after adjustment) and the ones that weren't doubled.
Add every single digit together into one total sum.
Step 4: Check if the total is evenly divisible by 10.
If the sum ends in 0 (meaning it's a multiple of 10), the card number passes the Luhn check. If it doesn't, the number is invalid, either mistyped or fabricated.
That's the entire algorithm. No complex cryptography, no external lookup, just basic arithmetic that any computer (or honestly, a patient human with a pen) can run in microseconds.
Why this specific method? Luhn designed this formula to catch the most common types of human data-entry errors: single mistyped digits and adjacent transposed digits (typing "43" instead of "34," for example). The alternating doubling pattern is specifically effective at catching these exact mistakes, which is precisely the kind of error someone makes typing a 16-digit number by hand or reading it off a physical card.
It's worth noting what it doesn't catch: if you swap 2 digits that are both the same (like typing "44" as "44," which obviously changes nothing) or make certain rarer error patterns, the checksum can occasionally miss it. No error-detection algorithm is perfect, but Luhn's formula strikes a strong balance between catching common mistakes and staying simple enough to compute instantly.
What determines the rest of the card number The checksum digit is just the last piece. The rest of a card number follows its own structure:
The first digit (the Major Industry Identifier) indicates the general category. Cards starting with 4 are Visa. Cards starting with 5 (specifically 51-55) are typically Mastercard. American Express cards start with 34 or 37.
The first 6 digits (or sometimes the first 8, depending on the network) make up the Issuer Identification Number, identifying the specific bank or financial institution that issued the card.
The middle digits identify the individual account.
The final digit , as covered above, is the Luhn checksum.
This structure is standardized internationally (under ISO/IEC 7812), which is exactly why a validator can recognize whether a number even resembles a real Visa or Mastercard format before running the checksum at all.
Common uses for a credit card validator Catching typos before submission. The most common everyday use. A checkout form runs this check client-side, catching an obvious mistake before wasting a round trip to the payment processor.
Testing payment integrations during development. Developers building or testing a checkout flow need valid-format numbers to test with, without using real financial data. Numerous well-known "test" card numbers exist specifically for this (Visa's official test number 4111 1111 1111 1111 passes the Luhn check but isn't tied to any real account, and payment processors like Stripe maintain their own published test numbers).
Verifying data entry accuracy. Businesses manually entering card numbers from paper forms or phone orders use this as a quick sanity check before processing.
Educational purposes. Understanding how checksums work is a genuinely useful concept in computer science and data validation more broadly, credit cards just happen to be a widely recognized, real-world example.
What it absolutely cannot tell you This deserves repeating clearly, because it's the single most common misunderstanding: passing a Luhn check does not mean a card is real, active, or has any money on it.
You could type 16 completely made-up digits, and if they happen to satisfy the mathematical pattern, they'll pass. This happens constantly, actually, since the pattern space is large but not infinitely restrictive. A number passing validation tells you the format is mathematically consistent, nothing more.
Actual card verification, confirming a card exists, is active, and has available funds, only happens through a real transaction attempt with an actual payment processor and the issuing bank. That process involves encrypted communication with banking networks that a browser-based validator has no access to, and honestly, shouldn't.
Is it safe to test real card numbers on a validator? As a general security habit: avoid entering real financial information into any tool unless it's specifically part of an actual payment transaction you're intentionally completing. A legitimate Luhn validator doesn't need to store or transmit your number anywhere beyond the check itself, but there's rarely a good reason to test a real card number through a validator anyway, since the check only confirms format, not whether the card actually works.
If you need to test a checkout flow, use one of the officially published test card numbers from Visa, Mastercard, or your payment processor's documentation instead.
FAQ Can a fake card number pass the Luhn check? Yes, easily. The Luhn algorithm only checks mathematical consistency, not whether the number corresponds to a real, active account. Plenty of randomly generated numbers will satisfy the formula by pure chance, especially since the last digit can always be calculated to make any first-15-digits combination pass.
Do all cards use the Luhn algorithm? Nearly all major card networks, Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Discover, and most others, use Luhn-based checksums. It's an internationally recognized standard specifically for this purpose.
Why does the first digit of my card matter? It identifies the card network. Starting with 4 means Visa. Starting with 34 or 37 means American Express. This lets systems (and validators) quickly recognize what type of card they're looking at before running any further checks.
Is Luhn considered a security measure? Not really, and it was never designed to be one. It's an error-detection tool, catching accidental typos, not a security or fraud-prevention mechanism. Actual card security relies on separate systems: CVV codes, 3D Secure authentication, encryption standards, and fraud detection run by banks and payment processors.
Try it yourself Curious what an actual failed check looks like versus a valid one? Try our Credit Card Validator with a test number (never a real one), and see the Luhn check happen instantly.
Contact Missing something? Feel free to request missing tools or give some feedback using our contact form.
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